Essay Pa Chins Family - 1364 Words

All through time, successive generations have rebelled against the values and traditions of their elders. In all countries, including China, new generations have sought to find a different path than that of their past leaders. Traditional values become outdated and are replaced with what the younger society deems as significant. Family concentrates on this very subject. In the novel, three brothers struggle against the outdated Confucian values of their elders. Alike in their dislike of the traditional Confucian system of their grandfather, yet very different in their interactions with him and others, begin to reach beyond the ancient values of Confucianism and strive for a breath of freedom. Their struggles against the old values†¦show more content†¦In addition, Chueh-hsin hoped that despite his arranged marriage he would at least be able to finish his education and become a high-ranking official as was hoped for him by his mother, of which he only had his tragic memo ries. Instead, he is removed from school and forced to enter the workforce in order to provide for his family and younger brothers, as dictated by the Confucian values of filial piety. Although Chueh-hsin did not agree with these values, which so unfairly restricted him from his goals and desires, he felt as if he had no choice but to follow the word of his father and grandfather, the Venerable Master Kao. Towards the end of the novel, Chueh-hsin takes his last harsh blow from the Confucian dictates of his family, when his wife dies during childbirth, as a result of being forced away beyond the safety and comfort of the town and home, because of superstitious values of children being born in a household where a death had recently occurred. When this event occurs, Chueh-hsin realizes that he has made a mistake that is entirely irrevocable and that he himself is largely to blame for in adhering to the values and restrictions of the family. Upon realizing this, he decides to strike back in his own way, against the family, by helping his youngest brother, Chueh-hui, escape at the end of the novel.Show MoreRelatedThe Challenge for New Ones in the Book, Family by Pa Chin 811 Words   |  3 PagesThe Book named Family primarily illustrates the conflicts between traditional and new ideas during a modern China period. Before the modern period, many Chinese used to live with the idea of collectivism, and against the belief of individualism. In the book Family, the author focuses to illustrate many struggles the Kao family face because the younger generation aimed to reject the old Confucian values, but rather, to restructure the family and to change the society for individual wants and desiresRead MoreCharacterization Of Family By Pa Chin Characterization2263 Words   |  10 PagesHan Wei Rep. Works of Mod. Chinese Lit Ying Wang 16th December 2016 Characterization in Family by Pa Chin   Characterization is a literary device that is a step by step process wherein the aurhor introduces and then describes a character. The character can be described directly by the author or indirectly. Direct characterization is also called explicit characterization, which tells audience the personality of characters directly. Indirect characterization or implicit characterization shows characters’Read MoreCharacterization As A Literary Tool Essay1926 Words   |  8 Pagesnovel as well as reflecting  its historical context. This cultural thinking is, indeed, evident in such novels as Henry Fielding s  Tom Jones  and Hardy s  Tess of the d Ubervilles  in which Angel and Tess represent different social classes.   One of Pa Chin’s tools is to write about the character’s private thoughts and feelings. The thoughts of characters can reveals the personality of characters. For instance, in chapter 12, the narrator illustrates Chueh-hui’s rebellious and independent personalityRead MoreASAM 5 Notes Essay6590 Words   |  27 Pagessuffer. Sonny is private. Blues is Sonnys best way to express the suffering. Why does Sonny have the blues? He is aimless, no plan. His brother has no blues because he has a job and family. What metaphor of minoritiness does Baldwin employ? Three interrelated narratives The story of two brothers and their family The social context: Harlem after World War II The blues as form and aesthetic vision The Story The basic plot Narrator reads about Sonny going to jail They communicate a littleRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesindividuals locally had the potential to be much more intensely connected by new communications technologies, state-sponsored programs to achieve autarky, a global epidemic of ethnic strife, uncontrolled urban growth, and the dissolution of extended family ties in many societies divided nations and communities and isolated individuals to an extent unparalleled in recorded human history. For teachers, in particular, the challenge of weaving together in meaningful ways the seemingly disparate strands

Gun Control Versus Gun Rights - 1645 Words

Jordan Nall Mrs. Wombles English 1302 March 25, 2017 Gun Control versus Gun Rights Gun control is a controversial topic that is widely discussed in the United States. The call for gun control came during the 1960’s when many famous figures were assassinated. Today Gun Right’s Activist believes we should not infringe on the Second Amendment. While Gun Control Activist believe we should take precautions to protect people from gun violence. The republicans typically are against gun control while democrats are for gun control. Gun control is a hot topic in the United States, there are many organizations, politicians, and we the people are either for or against gun control. During the 1960’s there was a heightened amount of assassinations†¦show more content†¦So President Ronald Reagan signed the Firearm Owners Protection by 1968,(U.S. gun control timeline), and would be enacted to fix the problems of the Gun Control Act. Had it not been for this act the gun rights would be close to none. Gun Rights have been in existence since the beginni ng of our country with the second amendment being the right to bear arms. This was created to have the right to a well regulated militia, so that we will always have the access and the security of a free state. The second amendment also protects the right of the citizen to bear arms. People who support gun rights typically come from growing up in a culture where hunting is popular or have served in the military. Today the biggest advocate for gun rights in the United States would be the National Rifle Association. The NRA is one of the biggest promoters of the second amendment. They believe in the right to self-defense, and that the government should not impose many laws that would infringe on gun owners. They play a huge role in the government by advocating for the gun owners. There are also many other organizations that help promote the right to bear arms, including Second Amendment Foundation, Gun Owners of America, and Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership. Also contri buting to pro gun rights in the government is the Republicans party which is also a big advocate for gun rights as it was one of their things they baseShow MoreRelatedGun Control versus Gun Rights Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In America guns have been a part of the country’s society since it’s birth. Throughout history the citizens of the US have used firearms to protect the nation, protect their families, hunt for food and engage in sporting activities. The issue of Guns and gun control is complex. Weighing the rights and liberties of the individual against the welfare and safety of the public has always been a precarious balancing act. In the United States, gun control is one of these tumultuous issuesRead More Gun Control versus The Right to Bear Arms Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesWith the topic of gun control comes a widely split crowd. There are those that believe that gun control is necessary for decreasing crime and making a nation a safer place to live. And on the other end of the spectrum, they are those that speak of how anti-gun control is what would make our nation a safer place to live. After all, ?Would a person be as likely to break into another familys home knowing that t he family has means of personal protection (Warren 308). ?Most everyone will agree thatRead MoreGun Control Of The United States1501 Words   |  7 PagesSince ancient times a gun has been a tool created for the purpose of killing people, but now people used guns for protection. But the main purpose of a firearm remains, the purpose of to killing people. The government in America has created laws for the use of guns, but not all people follow them. Gun ownership is the most basic American right and also one of the most contentious social and political issues of now a days. There are almost 300 million of private-owned firearms in the US, in this nationRead MoreNo Guns More Crime : Gun Control Laws And Regulations Across The United States1486 Words   |  6 PagesNo Guns More Crime A growing number of states in the US have passed stricter gun policies for citizens to own bare arms. The almighty goal is to have all the guns taken away from gun owners and future gun owners. The policies have adjusted citizens to go through a process just to obtain a gun license or permit. For example, rigorous background checks and sponsorship from law enforcement. This process contradicts the 2nd Amendment from the U.S Constitution. Every American has the constitutionalRead MoreGuns : Danger Or Protection1593 Words   |  7 Pages GUNS: DANGER OR PROTECTION Sebastian Corona English II- 3rd February 19, 2016 â€Æ' Since ancient times a gun has been a tool created for the purpose of killing people, but now people used guns for protection. But the main purpose of a firearm remains, the purpose of to killing people. The government in America has created laws for the use of guns, but not all people follow them. Gun ownership is the most basic American right and also one of the most contentious social and political issuesRead MoreGun Control And The Right State Of Mind1687 Words   |  7 Pages Gun control has been one of main debating topics for years. This particular subject is discussed frequently between our presidential candidates. How safe do citizens feel in the community knowing that it is not hard to obtain a concealed handgun and/or a handgun license? Citizens in some communities have to worry more about their lives rather than bills. It should never have to be that way for anyone. Some people are not in the right state of mind to have the privilege to carry a firearm. SanityRead MoreGun Control Is A Tough Business854 Words   |  4 Pages Gun control in America is a tough business. Second amendment advocates love to flourish their rights to bear arms. However, their stubbornness is causing many unnecessary complications that could be easily solved if they would cooperate more with legislators. The need for more a more thorough background check, more rigorous restriction on purchases and less selfishness is paramount to the evolution of our country. Of the many problems we face in gun control it is availability of guns to the veryRead MoreThe Freedom And Freedom Of The United States Of America1603 Words   |  7 Pagestaught to always respect and cherish the rights and liberties given to us, the people, that were earned and are still being bravely defended to this day. Our rights were earned and are defended by our courageous, gun wielding soldiers. Currently, in this turbulent time of politics in our nation, many of our rights and privileges are being aimed at for attack and infringement. In this case, particularly, it is the American citizen s right to bear arms. This right must be protected and preserved forRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1332 Words   |  6 Pageslost each year to gun violence,i we face a problem unlike another other industrialized nation.ii There are many reasons why the gun problem in America is unique. America’s culture is heavily centered on guns both in media and in everyday life, especia lly in rural communities. We have relatively lax laws regulating firearms due to the vocal opposition of the gun industry, gun enthusiasts, and members of Congress supported by the gun lobby. The majority of Americans support gun reform laws, but politicalRead MoreThe Issue of Guns and Gun Control in America1146 Words   |  5 PagesIn America guns have been a part of the country’s society since it’s birth. Throughout history the citizens of the US have used firearms to protect the nation, protect their families, to hunt for food and to engage in sporting activities. The issue of Guns and gun control takes on a proportion of extreme magnitude. Weighing the rights and liberties of the individual against the welfare and safety of the public has always been a precarious balancing act. In the United States, gun control is one of

In Search Of Excellence Review (721 words) Essay Example For Students

In Search Of Excellence: Review (721 words) Essay In Search of Excellence: ReviewBusinessIn Search of Excellence is a book dealing with many different principles of economics and what makes big business excellent. The first idea that Peters discusses is his chart of the McKinsey 7-S Framework. The graph is very simple but the ideas are fairly complex. In their research, they found that their philosophies were too hard to explain and easily forgettable. They made this Framework to deal with strategy, structure, style, systems, staff (people), skills, and shared values (culture). This has 7 Ss (easy to remember) and a graphical representation to visualize. This shows the businessman that the intractable, irrational, intuitive, and informal organization can be managed. For example, anyone assuming that a new manager of a Taco Bell will perform exactly as the old manager did is ridiculous. The organization of workers must adjust and adapt to the new managers way of business. Another more main topic of the novel is the Eight Basic Principles. Their research had shown that the excellent companies had been based on the basics. The companies had to try to keep things simple. Sometimes, to a big business, it might seem logical that business should be run more complex the larger it is. From their research, this is usually not true. The first pricnciple is a bias for action. This is basically saying Stop talking and do something about it. When Taco Bell has a rush of customers and their supplies for making food are low, they (usually) dont say You know what, I have no more cheese or Could someone get me some more cheese? They take action and get the cheese, make it if necessary, and get the problem solved as quickly as possible. The second Principle they deal with is to be close to the customer. This means good service and listening to what the customer has to say. If the producer, Taco Bell, is not in touch with what the customer wants to eat, then the business will most likely fail. Although it also refers to customer satisfaction; quality food made right and curteous service: Have a nice day and enjoy your meal!The third principle is autonomy and entrepreneurship. This is the innovation principle. 3M is known for innovation and they welcome the changing and rearranging of old and new products. For example, my dad took 3Ms basic arthroscopy pump and redesigned it into an in flow-out flow cannula. This innovation on his part temporarilly set 3M back on its feet in that product line. The fourth basic principle is productivity through people. This deals with the indivdual as the best means for efficiency improvement rather than capital investment. If Taco Bell could put everyone in the area of work they most enjoyed (drive-thru, washer,) then they could produce more food and maximize their utiles. The fifth basic principle is hands on, value driven. This is the standard setting and enforcing values in a company. This is keeping the head honcho in touch with the assembly line worker and projecting the companys original ideas, instead of an image of some suited businessman lurking in a big, dark office. The sixth and often obvious principle is to stick to the knitting. The basically says that if a company is in the food business, it should not branch off into the wood industry unless they have no where else to expand in the industry they are already in. The seventh basic principle is a simple form, lean staff. This means leaving few people up top to manage a company and keep the form of management simple. .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d , .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d .postImageUrl , .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d , .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d:hover , .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d:visited , .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d:active { border:0!important; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d:active , .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u84084cffd012ac577c2a7fb1d2e2e78d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lippmans Public Philosophy EssayThe eighth and final basic principle is simultaneous loose-tight properties. This is another value-based principle. This could be described as the ability for a worker of Taco Bell to do his/her job in his/her own way as they incorporate the companys values and philosophies into their work. These values demonstrate that they dont just work because they work, but rather because they just make sense. Peters does a great job of explaining and giving examples of these eight principles and shows us that we would be foolish to ignore these principles. Also, we could learn a new skill from the 7 S-Framework, which is what growth is really about: th e ability to learn and teach.

Smc V Akhter Essay Example

Smc V Akhter Essay SMC Electronics Limited v. Akhter Computers Limited Others Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Lord Justice Henry Lord Justice Latham and Sir Murray Stuart-Smith Lord Justice Henry: Introduction 1 The Claimant, SMC Electronics Ltd, (SMC), and the Defendants (all part of the Akhter Group of companies (Akhter)), both sell power supply units (PSUs). PSUs are printed circuit boards with capacitors and other components soldered on to them. This is Akhters appeal from the decision of HHJ Green dated 31st March 1999, sitting in the Central London County Court, allowing SMCs claim and declaring that SMC was entitled to 50% of the profits that Akhter had made on sales of certain PSUs to Pitney Bowes Plc (Pitney Bowes). This entitlement is said to arise under a commission agreement made on 26th July 1993, under which Akhter promised to share their profits with SMC, in consideration for the introduction to a major new customer for PSUs, Pitney Bowes. This is a case about the authority of the third party to these proceedings, David Bennett, to enter that commission agreement on behalf of Akhter, his employers, who now seek to avoid having to pay any commission by challenging his authority to make the contract. The background facts 3 In July 1993, David Bennett was employed by Skynet, a division of Akhter, as Director PSU Sales. In fact, he was not a director of any company in the Akhter Group. He worked from a small sales office in Basingstoke with two other people, his assistant, Andy Wall, and a secretary. David Bennetts primary duty was to promote sales and he was paid large commissions when he was successful. The judge found that he was given a very high degree of autonomy. He even had the habit, known to and permitted by his employers, of writing on Skynet notepaper and describing himself as director. This Skynet notepaper, in breach of s. 351 of the Companies Act 1985, omitted to contain the registered name, company number and address of Akhter, leaving the reader no indication as to whom David Bennett might answer. In July 1993, Pitney Bowes, a large UK manufacturer, was interested in buying large quantities of PSUs and approached, among others, SMC in order to get a quote. SMC thought the job was too big for them, and so Merhzad Koranki of SMC approached David Bennett to suggest that Skynet quote for the business. Merhzad Koranki suggested that, if Skynets tender was successful, it should share the profits of the Pitney Bowes deal equally with SMC under a commission agreement, in return for the introduction. We will write a custom essay sample on Smc V Akhter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Smc V Akhter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Smc V Akhter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Having checked with Andy Wall that Skynet did not already know about the invitation to quote, David Bennett agreed with the proposal. At a meeting with SMC, David Bennett brought with him a letter containing draft terms of contract. After some negotiations, Merhzad Koranki then handed him the contract document, addressed to David Bennett at Skynet. This became the commission agreement. It provided: Dear Dave, (1) Further to our telephone conversation this morning, I would like to confirm what we discussed and agreed with regard to customer projects. 2) SMC Electronics Ltd will do its utmost to sell and distribute Skynet products as part of our range, however on the occasions where we would have to pass on the project to Skynet Electronics, we agree to do so based on our agreement that the total profit will be shared equally (50% SMC Electronics, 50% Skynet Electronics) (3) This will not only apply to the current project, but any future projects and orders generated from the customer identified. 4) We anticipate a lifetime of customer designs to be in the region of five years plus, therefore any agreements made would have to cover at least the running period as well as the lifetime of the products. (5) Could you please make a record of the following customer for which the project is passed on to yourselves in order to complete for the order. (6) Of course, SMC Electronics will work along with you to help with the housekeeping with regard to costing. Mr P J Dewey Pitney Bowes 5 After a lengthy process of development, Pitney Bowes awarded the project to Skynet and the Akhter Group now supply Pitney Bowes with a large quantity of PSUs. The questions on appeal 6 There were four questions on this appeal: (1) What was David Bennetts actual authority under his contract of employment with Akhter, and did it give him express authority to enter the commission agreement, or, on the other hand, was he expressly prohibited from entering the commission agreement? (2) Did David Bennett have the implied authority, under his contract of employment, to enter the commission agreement? (3) If David Bennett did not have actual authority, express or implied, did he have ostensible authority to enter into the commission agreement? 4) Finally, if Akhter are liable to SMC, on which projects is SMC entitled to a share of the profits, on a proper construction of the commission agreement? Actual authority the terms of David Bennetts contract of employment 7 The judge found that David Bennett had no actual authority to make the commission agreement, saying there was simply no evidence of actual authority. I am unable to agree with th is, having regard to the express terms of David Bennetts contract of employment. Clause 3 of David Bennetts Terms of Employment with the Akhter Group (Holdings) Plc provided: Job Title: Director PSU Sales You must perform such duties as may be reasonably associated with your job title 8 That clause therefore delimited the scope of duties that were within David Bennetts express authority. However, in order to try and establish an express prohibition on entering commission agreements, Mr Norris relied on a document entitled Akhter Group Purchase of Goods and Services, said to be incorporated into David Bennetts contract of employment. That document stated, at clause 3: Purchase Requisition. A purchase requisition is required for any item not normally held in stock or for any Service of Capital equipment required by the company. .. Purchase requisitions for capital items and services must be signed by the Managing Director. 9 Mr Norris submitted that the commission agreement was in truth a purchase of information, that Skynet were buying the introduction from SMC, and that therefore, if it was to be authorised, a purchase requisition was required to be signed by the Managing Director, Mr Mughal. 10 Reading the provisions of his employment contract together, David Bennett had the express authority to perform duties reasonably associated with being Director PSU Sales, but was not allowed to make purchase requisitions without the signature of Mr Mughal. In my judgment, the commission agreement was clearly a deal made in the discharge of the duties reasonably associated with being Director PSU Sales. It is ingenious, but highly artificial and quite unreal, to classify the commission agreement as a purchase requisition for capital items and services and I reject Mr Norris submission to that effect. 11 The purpose of David Bennett in entering into the commission agreement was to make more sales for Akhter ( 50% of something is better than 100% of nothing. ). The commission agreement was reasonably associated with that purpose. Therefore, in my opinion, the proper and clear construction of the employment contract is that David Bennett had the actual authority of his employers to enter the commission agreement, and accordingly his employers, Akhter, are bound by it. Even if clause 3 of the Terms of Employment were to be considered ambiguous, which I think it is not, the act of entering the commission agreement, if done in good faith by David Bennett, and if justified by any possible construction, would be authorised by the ambiguous clause (see Bowstead Reynolds on Agency, 16th Ed. , 1996, Article 26). 2 The finding that David Bennett had express authority is enough to dismiss the appeal on liability. Nonetheless, in deference to the careful arguments of counsel, I continue to consider briefly implied authority and ostensible authority, both of which would also merit the dismissal of this appeal. Implied authority to enter the commission agreement 13 Mr Norris, submitted that, the contract being otherwise c omplete, the court can only imply a term on the basis of the well-known tests laid down in The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64 and Liverpool CC v Irwin [1977] AC 235. Furthermore, he says that the term to be implied is not capable of precise formulation, which militates against any implication. 14 Implied actual authority of agents is dealt with in Bowstead Reynolds on Agency, 16th Ed. , 1996, Articles 27-32. Articles 27 and 30 set out the test for implication in this context, and also provide the answer to Mr Norris argument that the implied term cannot be formulated with reasonable precision, by doing just that: Article 27 provides: An agent has implied authority to do whatever is necessary for, or ordinarily incidental to, the effective execution of his express authority in the usual way. Article 30 provides: An agent who is authorised to do any act in the course of his trade, profession or business as an agent has implied authority to do whatever is normally incidental, in the ordinary course of such trade, profession or business, to the execution of his express authority, but not to do anything which is unusual in such trade, profession or b usiness, or which is neither necessary for nor incidental to the execution of his express authority. 15 So the implied authority arises from the nature of the general occupation of David Bennett. Indeed, there is a striking similarity between the implied terms as formulated by Bowstead Reynolds and the express term contained in Clause 3 of David Bennetts Terms of Employment with Akhter, which supports my opinion that David Bennett had express actual authority to enter the commission agreement. 16 In finding that David Bennett had implied authority to make the commission agreement, the judge correctly relied on several matters, which all show that the making of the commission agreement was ordinarily incidental to David Bennetts activities. The judge found support in the facts that David Bennett was allowed to the use the grandiloquent title Director PSU Sales and was allowed to describe himself as simply director. He further relied on the facts that David Bennett took an important part in making the annual budget estimate for Skynet and that Pat Swabey, an employee of Skynet, said that if anyone asked her who Skynet was she would have said David Bennett. The judge added, with some hesitation, that the use of Skynet notepaper, which infringed s. 51 of the Companies Act 1985, led SMC to believe that there was no-one more senior than David Bennett at Skynet. 17 Two further factors were relied on heavily by SMC to establish David Bennetts implied authority, first, the fact that denial of his authority was not the first reaction of Mr Mughal, David Bennetts employer, and secondly, that David Bennett had previously negotiated an allegedly similar deal with Lion Cabinets, the so-called Lion deal. They both support a finding o f either express or implied authority. 8 When SMC first approached David Bennett for their share of the profits, they were told there were no profits yet and thereafter SMC were met with a prolonged campaign of evasion, misleading and procrastination. At a meeting on 26th July 1996 and subsequently, Mr Mughal, managing director and major shareholder of Akhter, failed to make the objection that David Bennett lacked the authority to enter the commission agreement, instead relying on previous business that had been done with Pitney Bowes to try and show that the introduction had not been of any value. Mr Mughal then offered ? 5,000 to ? 0,000, because David Bennett was my employee. I agree with the judge that this was travelling a long way from a mere denial of authority and that Mr Mughals failure to challenge David Bennetts authority, when he first learned of the claim, is indicative of the latters implied authority. I do not think, as Mr Norris suggests, that Mr Mughal would have be en deterred from raising an objection by any assertion of David Bennett, who sought to renege on the deal, that the commission agreement was not a real agreement. 19 In the Lion deal, Lion Cabinets had been buying PSUs from Skynet, who sourced them from Skynet Taiwan. David Bennett arranged for Skynet Taiwan to sell directly to Lion Cabinets, with Skynet receiving 4% of Skynet Taiwans turnover on these sales. David Bennett thus cut out the problems for the intermediary, Skynet. While Mr Norris is correct that the Lion deal was different from the commission agreement, being a rearrangement of an existing sales contract, rather than a new contract granting commission to an introducer, I agree with the judge that it shows the wide degree of authority and responsibility which David Bennett was given. 0 Therefore, I agree that the commission agreement was normally incidental to the execution by David Bennett of his duties as Director PSU Sales. This is the same as saying that it was reasonably associated with his duties, under the express authority given to him. One way or another, David Bennett was employed to promote sales, and if this necessitated offering commission to an introducer or fixer in return for a lucrative contract, then that was a step that David Bennett was authorised to take. As indicated above, I do not find that the implied term is incapable of precise formulation. The term has been formulated expressly in Clause 3 of David Bennetts Terms of Employment, and is formulated with reasonable precision in the Articles from Bowstead Reynolds quoted above. A certain spectrum of authorised acts must always be inevitable in such cases as this anyway, and so I do not think that the courts should strive to find unrealistic precision in such implied terms. It is not necessary to ask whether David Bennett had the authority to enter the exact terms of this commission agreement, which with hindsight may seem foolhardy, but whether he had the authority to enter commission agreements generally, in the furtherance of his duty to promote sales. The answer is plainly yes. Did David Bennett have ostensible authority? 21 As the judge did, I have considered the ground of ostensible authority, even though it is not necessary to dispose of the appeal. 2 The judge correctly explained that ostensible authority is a form of estoppel by implied representation (see Freeman Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Limited [1964] 2 QB 480 per Pearson LJ at 498 and per Diplock LJ at 503). The judge relied on five representations. He repeated that David Bennett was described as both Director PSU Sales and simply director, and again relied on the fact that his name and number were on all Skynet adverts, that he was known to be in charge of the Skynet sa les office and, again hesitatingly, that he was allowed to write on Skynet paper without the information required by s. 51 23 I do not agree that the judge was wrong to find that David Bennett could also have had ostensible authority. In the absence of full argument, it is not appropriate for me to elaborate on the precision required to find an implied representation amounting to an estoppel, in order to give rise to a finding of ostensible authority. I do not gain assistance from the fact that SMC initially issued against David Bennett personally, which, so Mr Norris says, shows that SMC were aware of his lack of authority to enter into the commission agreement and therefore shows that SMC cannot have relied on any representation to the contrary. Issuing against David Bennett personally was merely an attempt by SMC to flush out the true defendant and principal to the commission agreement, upon which David Bennett was being sued. Had SMC sued David Bennett for breach of warranty of authority, then it would be arguable that they had always doubted his authority, but they did not, instead basing their claim on the very commission agreement that they sought to enforce. The extent of SMCs entitlement to an account of profits 24 The judge ordered that the account extended to cover he B900 project and any other projects in which P Dewey of Pitney Bowes has ordered goods from them. This question of the construction of the contract determines whether SMC can recover for other projects in addition to the B900 PSU, which Akhter supply to Pitney Bowes. 25 Mr Norris says that the only project falling within the terms of the commission agreement, if they are liable thereunder, was the B900 project, and the account of profits should be lim ited accordingly, and I agree. 6 In my opinion, construing the agreement as a whole, it is necessary to read the words of paragraphs 2 and 3 of the commission agreement together. Paragraph 2 envisages the occasions where SMC would have to pass on the project to Skynet. Paragraph 3 extends the ambit of the commission agreement, saying this will not only apply to the current project, but any future projects and orders generated from the customer identified. The agreement clearly means that SMC may recover commission on future projects, but only where they have agreed to pass them on to Skynet. The word this in paragraph 3, refers to the occasions where an introduction has been made and a project passed on. The agreement does not mean that SMC can recover commission on any project which Skynet subsequently negotiate directly with Pitney Bowes or even Peter Dewey at Pitney Bowes, and which is not passed on by SMC. That would be an extraordinary construction, given the previous dealings that Akhter had already had with Pitney Bowes, and given that it would appear to make SMC money indefinitely, on deals to which they had contributed nothing. 7 Therefore, I would vary the terms of the judges order to hold that SMC are entitled to an account by Akhter of all profits on the B900 project and any other projects with Peter Dewey of Pitney Bowes which SMC have passed on to Akhter, and that Akhter should make disclosure accordingly. There is evidence that Akhter supply Pitney Bowes with a project code-named F350, but there is no evidence that SMC introduced this or any other Pitney B owes project to Akhter, and so the effect of this judgment will be, we are told, to limit SMC to a share in the profits of the B900 project. David Bennett appearing as third party 8 David Bennett was originally a defendant to the action brought by SMC. After his employers, Akhter, were substituted for him, they then reinstated him in the action as a third party, so that if Akhter lost this action on the basis of ostensible authority alone, they could claim an indemnity against him for exceeding his authority in breach of his contract of employment. As the decision of the judge on authority has been upheld, primarily on the ground of actual authority, David Bennett cannot be liable to either Akhter or SMC. 29 I have read the judgment of Sir Murray Stuart-Smith, and am in total agreement with it. Conclusion 0 In my judgment, the answers to the four questions in this case, are as follows: (1) there was express authority, rather than any express prohibition, given to David Bennett to en ter the commission agreement, under the terms of his contract of employment, (2) there was, in any event, implied authority for David Bennett to enter the commission agreement, (3) therefore, it is not necessary to make any finding on ostensible authority, although there seems no reason to interfere with the reasoning of the judge that, if he was wrong on actual authority, then David Bennett had ostensible authority to enter the commission agreement, (4) the commission agreement only extended to cover those projects with Peter Dewey of Pitney Bowes which SMC had introduced to Akhter, and therefore it is for SMC to show that they had assisted in passing on projects for Pitney Bowes other than the B900 PSU to Akhter. 31 For those reasons, I would dismiss the appeal. Lord Justice Latham: 32 I agree that the appeal on the first issue fails, but succeeds on the second. Like Henry LJ and Sir Murray Stuart Smith I consider that Mr Bennett had, by reason of the terms of his employment contr act, express actual authority to enter into the commission agreement. It was intended to, and did, secure a sale for his employers. As far as the scope of the commission agreement was concerned, I again agree with Henry LJ and Sir Murray Stuart Smith that the meaning contended for by Mr Norris both accords with the natural meaning of the words used, and with commercial sense. Sir Murray Stuart-Smith: 33 Two issues arise on this appeal. The first is whether Mr Bennett had actual or ostensible authority to enter into the commission agreement of 26th July 1993. The second is what was the scope of that agreement, in particular to what extent it extended to further projects. The judges order is that the claimants are entitled to an account of profits not only on the B900 project but also on any other projects in which P Dewey of Pitney Bowes plc has ordered goods from them. The judge answered the first issue in favour of the claimants holding that Mr Bennett had implied actual authority. He also answered the second issue in their favour giving a wide interpretation to the contract. I agree that the appeal on the first issue fails, but succeeds on the second. I only add a few words of my own to the judgment Henry LJ, with which I agree, because I would uphold the judgment on the first issue on somewhat different grounds from those given by the judge, and because we are differing from him on the second issue. Authority 34 Actual authority can be express or implied. The judge held that it was not express; it was implied. I am not persuaded that he was right in this. When considering the scope of the agents authority one has to look in the first place at the express terms of the contract dated 30th November 1992. Mr Norris contended that Mr Bennett was expressly forbidden from entering into a contract such as the commission agreement by virtue of the attachment to the contact of employment called Purchase of goods and services. Under the heading Purchasing Procedures it is said: A purchase order must be issued to cover any expenditure incurred by the company. 35 This was not a purchase order; it is, with respect to Mr Norris, nonsense to describe the commission agreement as the purchase of information. 36 There is to my mind one provision of the employment contract which is of critical importance. It is in these terms: Job Title: Director PSU Sales You must perform such duties as may be reasonably associated with your job title 37 So far as I can see this is the only provision in the contract which amounts to a job description or specification; it also defines the scope of Mr Bennetts authority. The simple question is whether the entry into the commission agreement was reasonably associated with his job as Director of PSU Sales. To my mind there can only be one answer to this question, namely Yes. The commission agreement was necessary to secure what promised to be an extremely lucrative sale for Skynet Electronics. A similar answer would have been given to the Lion contract. 38 Mr Norris frequently referred to Mr Bennett as a salesman; he was not so described in the contract; he is described as Director which must have a wider connotation. But even if he was described as a salesman, it seems to me that the commission agreement was reasonably associated with his duties to sell Skynet Electronics products or merchandise. 39 I consider that Mr Bennett had actual express authority which was sufficiently clear. Even if it was ambiguous, it would not avail the defendants. Article 26 of Bowstead Reynolds on Agency, 16th Edition, p116, provides at paragraph 3-106: Where the authority of an agent is conferred in such ambiguous terms, or the instructions given to him are so uncertain, as to be fairly capable of more than one construction, an act reasonably done by him in good faith which is justified by any of those constructions is deemed to have been duly authorised, though the construction adopted and acted upon by him was not that intended by the principal. 40 It is clear that Mr Bennett thought he had authority; no-one has questioned his bona-fides at the time he entered into the contact, even if his subsequent conduct app ears to have been evasive. Scope of the Commission Agreement 41 In his judgment, Henry LJ sets out the relevant parts of the agreement. The question is what does the word this at the beginning of the third paragraph refer to. Mr Norris submits that it refers to the occasions where we would have to pass on the project to Skynet Electronics, we agree to do so based on an agreement etc. 42 Mr Alliott submits that it applies only to the words we agree to do so based on an agreement etc. 43 In my judgment, Mr Norris was clearly right about this. This fits the grammar of the two paragraphs. It also accords with the factual background of the agreement, namely that the claimants were asked to tender for a contract which was beyond their capability to perform by themselves. It is obvious that such a situation might occur in the future. Moreover this construction seems to me to make commercial sense, whereas that adopted by the judge would lead to a commercially unreasonable result. If the situation recurred where the claimants were asked to tender (and the defendants were not) they might well wish to enter into a similar arrangement in future and be confident they would do so on similar terms. On the other hand, if the defendants, having given satisfaction on the B900 project, were asked by Mr Dewey to tender for some new and unrelated project, they would be in difficulty in competing with other tenderers, since their profit margin would have to be shared with the claimants. Where there are two possible alternative constructions, the Court will prefer that which makes commercial sense in preference to one which is unreasonable. Order: Appeal dismissed on issues. Going to the authority of David Bennett, but allowed on single issue on the construction of the agreement; minute of order to be agreed; technology construction court most convenient

faith statment essays

faith statment essays An introduction to my life. In my eyes i have led a decent life . I grew up in a nice safe neighborhood and was nurtured and loved for by everyone around me. I have nothing to complain about, I've been privileged to have such loving parents. Now in reality my sugar coated life started turning sour at the age of 14 when i started getting a sense of independence. From then on i have not been the same and in reading the following u will find out why. When i was younger mommy and daddy living in separate houses was normal to me. My parents were separated when i was 3. So it had no immediate effect on me, but in the long run not living with my father and mother in the same house left me wishing they were together .It also left me dreaming of what it would be like living with both of them. An event that sticks out in my mind as a child was the only time i remember sleeping in the same bed with my mother and father. That night we had been coming from some function and there was a motorcycle in front of my house and being young the first thing i wanted to to was touch it, and that i did. But unluckily i touched the tailpipe and i was piping hot. I had a minor burn on my finger and i remember that night laying there with my mother on my right and my father on my left with my finger in some ice feeling the safest I ever had in my life. A person that sticks out in my mind as a child was my babysitter Renee. I always liked her house an d i was comfortable there. She was married and had a son who was handicapped. but his handicap meant nothing to me see his mother and father living in the same home not fighting all the time she and her home enviorment made me feel good. Ok now we are in the present,my parents different attitudes toward raising children clash in my behavior. My mother complains of my acting different every time i come from my fathers house. Its because my fathers more laid back towards his app ...

Best Informational Writing Tips

Best Informational Writing Tips Informative Writing The aim of an essay is to inform the reader about something. By your writing, you convey some information from you to other people, as a rule, to your professor, colleagues, or classmates. Even if you work on the personal essay, you convey some information which has to be clear and accurate. How to receive the best grades on your informational writing assignment? Following the conventions is your first task, while it shows your respect to your reader. You should adhere to your structure, formatting, and standards. Â  Your title has to tell the reader exactly what your essay is about. Beware that your essay has to stand out from the others! When coming to structure, you have to be especially careful, while you have to adhere to the structure of sentences, the structure of paragraphs, and the structure of the essay itself. Sometimes, when it comes to the thesis, you have to mind off the structure of certain sections. Structure of sentences If you want to let your reader know about something, you have to deliver the information in an explicit and understandable way. Lots of students worry about their style. However, what exactly a writing style is? In fact, it is the way of controlling the description of ideas and information in your writing. Your aim is to make the length of sentences different. Readers get a good impression when they read from two to four short sentences and then a long one. So, try to alternate between your sentences. Think well on the word choices, because your vocabulary has to fit the topic. Avoid repeating or overusing expressions and words. Remember that clarity is your goal. Structure of paragraphs A paragraph is a group of sentences separated from other sentences. All these sentences in a paragraph are about a particular thing, so it is necessary to define the topic sentence of the paragraph. As a rule, it is the first, sometimes the second sentence of your paragraph. The aim of the remaining sentences is to only maintain the topic sentence statement. And the concluding sentence has to lead the reader to the idea of the next paragraph. Structure of the essay As a rule, your essay should have a beginning (introduction), middle (body), and the end (conclusion). In the introduction, you have to tell your reader about what you are going to say, then tell them what you need to tell in your body paragraphs, and the conclusion is to summarize what you have told your readers. The structure is not that complicated. This structure is the best for the reader to make it understandable. Even if your content is qualitative, but the structure is poor, it won’t inform your readers effectively. Some more tips from our experts Now you know that in order to be informative enough, your essay must have a good structure. However, here are some more tips to follow which will help you with tour essay writing. Stay focused Remember that your thoughts have to be logical. Do not go too deep into the history of the subject you are writing about. Yes, the background of your topic might be really informative, however, it doesn’t relate to your topic at all. Always stay focused on your topic, do not deviate from it. Your approach has to be balanced enough if your task is to provide some general information. Objectivity is one of the main things you have to strive for. You have to be neutral, factual, and clear. Stay informative All the information you provide has to be understandable and accessible. So, there has to be a proper and pretty short introduction relating the topic. After that, all the information has to be conveyed in a clear and ordered way and must include only the most important facts, with no deviations. Try to be as tight as possible. Stick to the G.A.P. G.A.P. means Genre, Audience, and Purpose. The Genre is the informational writing you do. Explaining how something works and describing how it works are often different things. So, you should stick to the genre in which you are writing from the very beginning of your essay. Include a lot of facts to your essay instead of opinions and arguments. It is difficult for students to think about the Audience. However, think whether you write for a general audience or just for one instructor. Anyone who reads your essay has to understand it well. The Purpose is also a bit complicated to think of for students. Your purpose, of course, is to get a good grade. However, conveying information to a reader and informing him is your purpose as well. Think of yourself as of an information provider, and then your informative writing will be effective.

Polymerization Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Polymerization - Coursework Example The Tg decreases with the increasing temperature within the system of the reaction (Agnes 2010). The polymerization rate is also very strongly influenced by the size of the monomer side reactions which are of importance to the Tg of the copolymers. The Tg can be decreased through an increase in the reaction temperature. This is through increasing the rate of decomposition in the reaction leading to achieving the temperature that is high. This will facilitate the Tg whether its increase or decrease because this will be through regulation of the temperature. This is easy to achieve because regulation of temperature can be achieved easily. Optimum conditions should be achieved for any polymerization reaction that is the temperatures and the time due to the high value to the rate of polymerization and other properties of the final products for the reaction. Therefore in the copolymers given in order to achieve the Tg the temperature and the other conditions required in order to get the desired product in the copolymerization there must be an increase in the temperature of the reaction (Agnes 2010). But in case the Tg very high and it need lowered then this will be facilitated the decrease temperature order acquire the desired Tg This is a very important factor in any copolymerization that will ensure that the products reached are of the desired size and shape.

Answer three question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Answer three question - Essay Example In â€Å"Legacy† a pregnant lady gets attracted and falls in love with a hunchback and â€Å"when they went to sleep, she spooned the man right from behind, her ballooned belly found way and fitted into the created spaces by the hunch in his back† (144). The theme on â€Å"Drunken Mimi† is about the romance and binder perfectly employs imagery to capture the love as it would happen though in the most unordinary way. The strange things continue to happen, â€Å"an old male imp walking on stilts get in love with a strange mermaid whose nerve cells prolong throughout his hair. In this strange way, the male body appears to shrink at first, deforming and disappearing while the strange female body becomes a sight of sensuality, creation and continual expansion† (7). Bender brings to life the old story we would hear from our great forefathers. She is simply a legend who makes the readers feel the intensity of such unordinary sentiments, even while she strives to make us feel the triviality of the most strange and astonishing incidences. Bizarre things take place in most of these stories. Quite unimaginable things and events. Yet it is possible to see the strand of human familiarity sticking out of these stories like hair would under an old

Foundation Essay Essay Example for Free

Foundation Essay Essay B-boys and B-girl are in the Hip-Hop world. A lot of young people in the world are interested in hip-hop and that music. When we think of hip-hop, we are likely to think about: they are African American, aggressive and rap-music etc. Why do we consider the stereotype of hip-hop? What is based on our thinking about this stereotype? Before we discuss about them, we need to know what hip-hop is. Why do B-boys and B-girls interest in the hip-hop? We focused on the term: hip-hop. Foundation says that hip-hop is used to refer to three different concepts. When we understand the concepts of hip-hop, we are likely to understand about B-boys and B-girls as well as why they becomes to be B-boys and B-girls. Even though, they may break our society rule, they are likely to follow their hip-hop concepts. For better worse, people should follow their own rule. Hip-hop is established dance and music category. These idea is not based on anything so this is my hypothesis whether B-boy follow the concepts or not. The most important aspect of this variety of the hip-hop is that it is unmediated. In other words, the idea of hip-hop is happened B-boys and B-girls spontaneously. They just express themselves on the hip-hop. It seems to be the advertisement without no product. That reality became to be the hip-hop culture. These ideas often appear in the period of adolescence. In this period, young people do not make their identity so that they are stumped about themselves. In that time, when they meet hip-hop, they are interested in hip-hop because it is easy for them to express. They just dance using their body, and do not use specific tool. Second, the term hip-hop refers to a form of popular music that developed, or was developed, out of hip-hop culture. It means that rap-music came from the interaction between hip-hop culture and the preexisting music industry. Hip-hop is strongly related to the rap-music. A lot of people can connect to hip-hop to listen to rap-music. Thirdly, the term hip-hop is increasingly used as a kind of loose demographic designation for contemporary African American youth, regardless of whether or not they have any overt connection to rap music or to other hip-hop arts. These idea turns out to be phrases as the hip-hop attitude and the hip-hop generation. In view of this sense, hip-hop is usually invoked to emphasize age and class over race when singling out young African Americans, either for praise or criticism. As we know, the culture of hip-hop is related to young African American. However, some problems are likely to arise in our society. In one online cone column, Jason Whitlock blames hip-hop for the lack of discipline among contemporary football players. Hip-hop is the dominant culture of black youth. In general music, especially hip-hop music is rebellious for no good reason other than to make money. Rappers and rockers are no trying to fix problems. They create problems for attention. That philosophy, attitude and behavior go against everything football coaches stand for. They’re in a constant battle to squash rebellion, dissent and second opinions from their player†¦ what we’ re witnessing today are purposeless, selfish acts of buffoonery. Sensible people have grown tired of it. Football people are recognizing it doesn’t contribute to a winning environment. Whitlock2007) This column expresses well how hip-hop culture relates to our society. It seems to be biased this story by author, however, taking three hip-hop concepts into consideration; his statement is likely to be reliable. As he pointed out, hip-hop music is rebellious for no good reason other than to make money. I think that his opinion is the same as that of most people. Hip-hop culture, part icularly, black American culture is likely to be against our society. This culture seems to relate to the counter culture. Counterculture was popular from 1960 to 1970. Hip-hop culture began in 1970 so young people in around 60s and 70s were definitely affected by counterculture. To wrap out the term of hip-hop, black American lives in the hip-hop culture and then they become to be B-boys and B-girls. They are interested in the rap-music. Their idea about hip-hop seems to be the advertisement without promoting product. Their life is hip-hop culture and one of B-boy and B-girls way to express them. I consider the history of classic B-boy and hip-hop. We have already known about what the term: hip-hop is. It is good order to learn the history of classic B-boy and hip-hop. When we understand the history and the meaning of hip-hop, we will get what they want to dance, why they want to dance and how they dance on the hip-hop. Also, we should check whether my hypothesis is correct or not. In the early hip-hop era, they did not use hip-hop songs. These songs were the rock and funk songs. Their originators danced to in the half-decade between hip-hop’s emergences as a sociocultural movement around 1974 and the development of an associated musical gene rein 1970. By the mid-70s the musical breaking the song had taken on a new life as a historical break between the end of soul culture and the beginning of hip-hop culture. † The breaking in the hip-hop is important for them to dance on the hip-hop. The brake is the original essence of the dance and the seed of its tradition. In this case, these breaking do not lead to rebellion; Jason Whitlock talked, in our society. However, from point of view of the roots of hip-hop, breaking songs and creating problems, Jason pointed out, is the same thing. Without lack of information about the term of hip-hop, we do not reach their breaking idea. That’s why leaning the term of hip-hop first is the most important. â€Å"B-boys songs are valued as frameworks forth act of B-boying because they combine practical factors that facilitate the particular dance style with socio-historical associations that place any given performance in the context of b-boy history. †¦ The earliest B-boy danced to these songs in their entirety, saving their best moves for the break therefore the deejays began to focus on the breaks in the first place. The hip-hop is influenced by samba, mambo, salsa and Latin music. The syncopation of samba rhythms is fundamental aspect of the relationship between movement and suppressed elements of a composition. So, B-boy and B-girl’s dance is based on samba and then they arrange their dance to express themselves well. In view of Latin music, conga drums had become one of the important sounds to arise Afri can American musical nationalism. The instrument was an important part of the sound of another of America’s great cultural achievements: funk. The vibrant music relationship that b-boys and B-girls maintain with these songs belies easy stereotypes about the relative value of live versus recorded music. † In other words, without recoding of these songs –the way they seem to capture and time an place in which they were made is an important part of their appeal. Their emotion and dance expresses themselves at that time. So, recording their feeling and motion seems to getting decrease value. When we think of the concepts of hip-hop, it makes sense that no recording about them is more value than that of the recording. They just dance for expressing themselves. That reality became to be the hip-hop culture. It is generally accepted that reality is more important than recoding reality. For example, we think of rock concert and that video. Which one do you think that things of value are? It is needless to say that we choose the rock concert because the concert is definitely more valuable than that of video. In conclusion, B-boy and B-girl have followed by their rule. They have been adding some dance and music on the hip-hop and developing their skill of dance and music. I believe that their breaking will be potential for producing new dance and music categories in the future. After leaning the concept of hip-hop and their early activities, my image of hip-hop is dramatically changing to that of favorable impression. When we encounter the unknown thing, we are likely to regard that as bad thing. However, in most cases, it is too much biased by mass media. Most people in the hip-hop world are striving for developing their dance and music, and they follow the concepts of hip-hop. Their hip-hop world including dance and music is keeping for expanding our world. They will create their new way of expressing themselves.

fiv feline aids :: essays research papers fc

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is one of the top five killers of domestic cats in the U.S. In fact 3% of healthy cats were reported to have contracted the disease in the year 1999. FIV is a fatal disease and interestingly enough most FIV cats don’t die of the disease it self by by other infections caused by their lowed immune system. FIV causes a deficiency in the immune system and makes cats very susceptible to a huge variety of medical problems basically because they have no fighting power. Case Report: Signalment- â€Å" Bella† Smith; 4 year old S/F DMH Chief Complaint- not eating, diarrhea, sudden unfriendliness History- Owner says Bella has been acting unfriendly for about two weeks (e.g. wont let owner pet or hold her anymore, also she hides under the bed constantly) owner also says Bella’s appetite has gone very low, she used to feed her one cup of dry every morning and one half a can of wet food at night and now she wont eat ‘hardly any of either’. Owner has seen diarrhea in litter box for 3 days. Bella had her kitten shots and boosters but no Hx of fiv/felv testing, deforming, fecal or blood analysis. S.O.A.P: S†¦ qar; mm=pink; poor coat w/ matted sections O†¦t=103.6, p=44, r=48, CRT=> 4 sec., *** FIV/FeLV test positive (+) for FIV. A†¦ Bella is FIV+ P†¦* FIV tested +; *hospitalization for observation; *200 ml Normasol fluids SQ then *iv fluids @150ml/hr, 3 ml vit B complex added; urinalysis to be performed in a.m. after completion of fluid therapy. â€Å"Feline Retro Virus Testing and Management† Compendium magazine July 2001   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article explains how to test for and care for FIV. The only way to prevent your cat from contracting FIV is by preventing contact with FIV infected cats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FIV testing is the best thing to do whenever your cat gets sick, no matter if they have tested negative for the disease before. Cats of all ages should be tested because it is so hard to know if your cat has come in contact with infected cats. â€Å"Infected cats may remain symptomatic for years during which time they may serve as unapparent sources of infection to other cats in the household†(Mary Tompkins, DVM, PhD). Basically if you have a cat, or cats, and u want to get another it is in the best interests of you and each one of the cats to be tested for FIV to ensure their heath and safety.

European Union Law Coursework

Below are the Instructions for the completion and submission of the coursework as well as for receiving feedback. These are also available on StudySpace (In the folder ‘assignments'). l. Coursework Instructions Answer the following question: â€Å"It follows that the evolutionary nature of the doctrine of supremacy is necessarily bi- dimensional. One dimension is the elaboration of the parameters of the doctrine by the European Court.But Its full reception, the second dimension, depends on its incorporation into the constitutional orders of the Member States and its affirmation y their supreme courts†. Joseph Weller, The Community System: the Dual Character of Supranationalism (1981) 1 (1 ) Yearbook of European Law 267-306. With reference to case-law, and to the current situation In at least two Member States, explain and critically analyse this statement. What implications would the Member States' reluctance to incorporate the doctrine of supremacy into their constituti onal orders have for the consistency and effectiveness of EU law? Maximum word limit: 2500 words.The bibliography and footnotes do not count as part of the maximum page limit. it. Assessment criteria: The marking criteria are Included in Studying Law at Kingston and are available on StudySpace (In ‘assignments'). In accordance with these criteria, the following factors will be taken Into account In awarding a mark for this coursework: understanding of the legal principles and Issues involved depth and breadth of knowledge and Intellectual understanding ability to review critically the legal position, (where appropriate) depth and breadth of research cltatlon 0T autnorltles ana materlals presentation iii.Plagiarism: Please note the University policy on plagiarism, and ensure that the work is original ork that is entirely your own. Copying or allowing someone else to copy your work is cheating and you will be subject to the University disciplinary regulations. The best way to av oid academic misconduct or plagiarism is to use your own words, do not cut and paste from other work, and to ensure that you reference properly the sources you have used in your assignment.Please note all assignments are automatically submitted to the Turnitin plagiarism detection software – the video on the following link is an approachable session on how to avoid plagiarism: http://www. youtube. om/ watch? v=1yYf8Aihndl lv. Referencing: Referencing is essential for good academic writing. Please ensure you read the relevant section in your Studying Law at Kingston that refers you to the Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA), available online at: http:// www. law. ox. c. uk/published/OSCOLA_4th_edn. pdf Through the following link you can complete a referencing tutorial produced by Cardiff University https://ilrb. cf. ac. uk/ citingreferences/oscola/tutorial/ All materials consulted in writing your essay should be included in the bibliography. The bibl iography and footnotes do not count as part of the maximum page limit. v. BLASC: BLASC is a service offering students at all levels one to one help and advice on the academic skills needed to produce their written coursework.Information on this is available in the online version of the handbook (available on StudySpace in the folder ‘information'). v'. Submitting your work and receiving feedback: Please note that computer failure is not an excuse for missing a coursework deadline.

Hr a Short Briefing for New Hr Colleagues to Help Them Perform Effectively and Efficiently in Their Roles. Essay

HR Professionals must understand the business and culture for which they serve and the HR strategy must be aligned to this. As shown in the map above, there are ten professional areas in which as a HR Professional you should strive to demonstrate the highest achievable level of competence. As a new member of the HR Team at YWP, we expect you to support the improvement of HR processes and policies. This includes continuously looking at opportunities in which to improve the HR Function and its implementation within the organisation. You will act as a sounding board for employee relations, feeding back information to your HR Manager and facilitating change initiatives when required. You will be responsible for your own personal continuous professional development and as such will record and plan your development during your time at YWP. You will work with the HR Team to ensure you are well versed with the organisation and its context to ensure all decisions made within the HR Function a re in alignment with this. You will keep up to date with developments in the HR industry and implement and analyse how these will affect our organisation as they arise. You will be expected to act as a role model and deliver and exceed objectives and expectations. Showing courage to challenge, you will act as a driver for operational excellence within the organisation. http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/48FF823A-1A33-4C90-8B9B-B691D9130C01/0/AssociatemembercriteriaAug11.pdf The four concentric circles of HR Professionalism The four concentric circles of HR professionalism comprise of managing self, managing groups/ teams, managing upwards and managing across the organisation. These are all areas which you will demonstrate at some point during your career at YWP. As a HR Professional, you are responsible for the management of your own skills, knowledge and development. Use of a development plan and record will go some way to help you achieve this. However you must also be open to feedback from others and undergo frequent self evaluation in order to identify development areas and review set objectives. By undertaking this not only will you develop as a HR Professional but you will also add value to the organisation for which you serve. Effective management of a team or group requires effective leadership. Management and leadership can exist independently from one another however to be fully effective must co-exist. Leadership is something which must be worked towards and is not inherited automatically with the assignment of a managerial task or role. How you manage your team will ultimately determine how you are perceived as a leader in that team. (Selden, 2010) Effective delegation, motivation, development, communication, discipline and conflict management are all aspects of team management and how you manage these aspects will have a direct influence on the dynamics and success of your team’s outcomes. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMM_92.htm Managing upwards is an important aspect of a successful HR Professionals’ management strategy. It is essential to ascertain the key factors which your manager expects you to deliver, how they expect you to deliver them and to what standard. Analyse what is expected from you by your line manager and seek regular feedback to ensure you consistently meet their objectives. Seek new responsibilities and provide regular updates to your line manager on your achievements and successful project outcomes. http://blog.penelopetrunk.com/2006/11/03/7-ways-to-manage-up/ Collaboration across the organisation is imperative to ensure the full impact and implementation of any HR initiative. Managing HR across the organisation involves maintaining inter-department relationships and alliances, facilitating communication channels, ensuring credibility and the positive perception of the HR Function. Managing across the organisation by using its line managers to implement HR initiatives will ensure the HR Functions objectives are much more likely to be realised. Adding Value to the Organisation The HR Function drives performance and provides line managers with the tools and resources to increase the performance of the organisation’s employees. It must do this by identifying the business values and formulating a strategy in line with these. This strategy must then be effectively implemented at all levels. You will work with your HR colleagues to identify the business values as they evolve and formulate a strategy in line with this. In order for HR to add value in any organisation, the team members of that HR Function must align their goals to that of the organisation. You will work with the HR team to design strong policies and procedures which encourage managers and employees to focus on the growth of the company and maintain the competitive edge. http://www.peoplemanagement.co.uk/pm/articles/2010/05/add-value-to-hr-not-spin.htm The behaviours you demonstrate on a daily basis will have an impact on the credibility of the HR Function, it is therefore essential to demonstrate operational excellence, stewardship, insight and influence in line with the business values in every action you undertake. Conclusion Your actions to influence the efficiency, relevance, effectiveness and credibility of the HR Function have the potential to affect the bottom line of the business. The effectiveness of the HR Function within the organisation is largely dependent on its perception within the organisation and we hope you will join us to ensure the HR Function continues to act effectively and in line with the organisational goals and business values. We look forward to a long and fulfilling partnership with you here at YWP. We hope you will use the time not only to develop the organisation but also your own professional skills, attributes and knowledge.

Definition and Examples of Semantic Narrowing

Definition and Examples of Semantic Narrowing Semantic narrowing is a type of semantic change  by which the meaning  of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its earlier meaning. Also known as specialization  or restriction. The opposite process is called broadening or semantic generalization. Such specialization is slow and need not be complete, notes linguist Tom McArthur. For example, the word fowl is now usually restricted to the farmyard hen, but it retains its old meaning of bird in expressions like the fowls of the air and wild fowl (Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992). Examples and Observations Narrowing of meaning . . . happens when a word with a general meaning is by degrees applied to something much more specific. The word litter, for example, meant originally (before 1300) a bed, then gradually narrowed down to bedding, then to animals on a bedding of straw, and finally to things scattered about, odds and ends. . . . Other examples of specialization are deer, which originally had the general meaning animal, girl, which meant originally a young person, and meat, whose original meaning was food.(Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meanings. Random House, 2008)Hound and IndigenousWe say that narrowing takes place when a word comes to refer to only part of the original meaning. The history of the word hound in English neatly illustrates this process. The word was originally pronounced hund in English, and it was the generic word for any kind of dog at all. This original meaning is retained, for example, in German, where the word Hund simply means dog. O ver the centuries, however, the meaning of hund in English has become restricted to just those dogs used to chase game in the hunt, such as beagles. . . .Words may come to be associated with particular contexts, which is another type of narrowing. One example of this is the word indigenous, which when applied to people means especially the inhabitants of a country which has been colonized, not original inhabitants more generally.(Terry Crowley and Claire Bowern, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2010) Meat and ArtIn Old English, mete referred to food in general (a sense which is retained in sweetmeat); today, it refers to only one kind of food (meat). Art originally had some very general meanings, mostly connected to skill; today, it refers just to certain kinds of skill, chiefly in relation to aesthetic skill - the arts.(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2006)StarveModern English starve means to die of hunger (or often to be extremely hungry; and dialectally, to be very cold), while its Old English ancestor steorfan meant more generally to die.​(April M. S. McMahon, Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 1994)Sand[M]any Old English words acquired narrower, more specific meanings in ME as a direct result of loans from other languages. . . . OE sand had meant either sand or shore. When Low German shore was borrowed to refer to the land itself along a body of water, sand narrowed to mean only the granular particles of disintegrated rock that cov ered this land.(C.M. Millward and Mary Hayes, A Biography of the English Language, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, 2012) Wife, Vulgar, and NaughtyThe Old English version of the word wife  could be used to refer to any woman but has narrowed in its application nowadays to only married women. A different kind of narrowing  can lead to a negative meaning  [pejoration] for some words, such as vulgar (which used to mean simply ordinary) and naughty (which used to mean having nothing).None of these changes happened overnight. They were gradual and probably difficult to discern while they were in progress.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010)Accident and FowlAccident means an unintended injurious or disastrous event. Its original meaning was just any event, especially one that was unforeseen. . . . Fowl in Old English referred to any bird. Subsequently, the meaning of this word was narrowed to a bird raised for food, or a wild bird hunted for sport.​(Francis Katamba, English Words: Structure, History, Usage. Routledge, 2004)

50 Million Years of Whale Evolution

50 Million Years of Whale Evolution The basic theme of whale evolution is the development of large animals from much smaller ancestorsand nowhere is this more evident than in the case of multi-ton sperm and gray whales, whose ultimate forebears were small, dog-sized prehistoric mammals that prowled the riverbeds of central Asia 50 million years ago. Perhaps more intriguingly, whales are also a case study in the gradual evolution of mammals from fully terrestrial to fully marine lifestyles, with corresponding adaptations (elongated bodies, webbed feet, blowholes, etc.) at various key intervals along the way. Until the turn of the 21st century, the ultimate origin of whales was shrouded in mystery, with scarce remains of early species. That all changed with the discovery of a huge trove of fossils in central Asia (specifically, the country of Pakistan), some of which are still being analyzed and described. These fossils, which date from only 15 to 20 million years after the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, prove that the ultimate ancestors of whales were closely related to artiodactyls, the even-toed, hooved mammals represented today by pigs and sheep. The First Whales - Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, and Rodhocetus In most ways, Pakicetus (Greek for Pakistan whale) was indistinguishable from other small mammals of the early Eocene epoch: about 50 pounds or so, with long, dog-like legs, a long tail, and a narrow snout. Crucially, though, the anatomy of this mammals inner ears closely matches that of modern whales, the main diagnostic feature that places Pakicetus at the root of whale evolution. One of Pakicetus closest relatives was Indohyus (Indian pig), an ancient artiodactyl with some intriguing marine adaptations, such as a thick, hippopotamus-like hide. Ambulocetus, aka the walking whale, flourished a few million years after Pakicetus and already displayed some distinctly whale-like characteristics. Whereas Pakicetus led a mostly terrestrial lifestyle, occasionally dipping into lakes or rivers to find food, Ambulocetus possessed a long, slender, otter-like body, with webbed, padded feet and a narrow, crocodile-like snout. Ambulocetus was much bigger than Pakicetusabout 10 feet long and 500 pounds, much closer to a blue whale than a guppyand probably spent a significant amount of time in the water. Named after the region of Pakistan where its bones were discovered, Rodhocetus shows even more striking adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle. This prehistoric whale was genuinely amphibious, crawling up onto dry land only to forage for food and (possibly) give birth. In evolutionary terms, though, the most telling feature of Rodhocetus was the structure of its hip bones, which werent fused to its backbone and thus provided it greater flexibility when swimming. The Next Whales - Protocetus, Maiacetus, and Zygorhiza The remains of Rodhocetus and its predecessors have been found mostly in central Asia, but the larger prehistoric whales of the late Eocene epoch (which were able to swim faster and farther) have been unearthed in more diverse locations. The deceptively named Protocetus (it wasnt really the first whale) had a long, seal-like body, powerful legs for propelling itself through the water, and nostrils that had already begun to migrate halfway up it foreheada development foreshadowing the blowholes of modern whales. Protocetus shared one important characteristic with two roughly contemporary prehistoric whales, Maiacetus, and Zygorhiza. The front limbs of Zygorhiza were hinged at the elbows, a strong clue that it crawled onto land to give birth, and a specimen of Maiacetus (meaning good mother whale) has been found with a fossilized embryo inside, positioned in the birth canal for terrestrial delivery. Clearly, the prehistoric whales of the Eocene epoch had a lot in common with modern giant tortoises! The Giant Prehistoric Whales By about 35 million years ago, some prehistoric whales had attained gigantic sizes, bigger even than modern blue or sperm whales. The largest genus yet known is Basilosaurus, the bones of which (discovered in the mid-19th century) were once thought to belong to a dinosaurhence its deceptive name, meaning king lizard. Despite its 100-ton size, Basilosaurus possessed a relatively small brain and didnt use echolocation when swimming. Even more important from an evolutionary perspective, Basilosaurus led a fully aquatic lifestyle, birthing as well as swimming and feeding in the ocean. Contemporaries of Basilosaurus were much less fearsome, perhaps because there was only room for one giant mammalian predator in the undersea food chain. Dorudon was once thought to be a baby Basilosaurus; only later was it realized that this small whale (only about 16 feet long and half a ton) merited its own genus. And the much later Aetiocetus (which lived about 25 million years ago), though it weighed only a few tons, shows the first primitive adaptation to plankton feedingsmall plates of baleen alongside its ordinary teeth. No discussion of prehistoric whales would be complete without a mention of a fairly new genus, the aptly named Leviathan, which was announced to the world in the summer of 2010. This 50-foot-long sperm whale weighed only about 25 tons, but it seems to have preyed on its fellow whales along with prehistoric fish and squids, and it may have been preyed on in turn by the largest prehistoric shark of all time, the Basilosaurus-sized Megalodon.

Meeting Customer Needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Meeting Customer Needs - Assignment Example To begin with, it is one among the top providers of the IP-based communication services. Secondly, they also provide the 4G LTE network. Thirdly, they are providers of the major wireless carriers within the United States and other neighbouring countries. Finally, the company further owns approximately thirty-four thousand Hot spots at popular joints, a notable example being in restaurants and hotels (Anon). A publication on Consumer Wireline Broadband Performance in the United States shows that, some internet providers did not deliver the speeds they had advertised. An example of the same is AT&T. Internet providers always use this strategy of promising more and giving less. This is always a way of outshining each other. From what AT&T had promised his clients it only delivered, a percentage slightly lower than 90. The report provided by Federal Communications Commission reveals that AT&T Corporation provide 87% of the advertised service packages (Commision, 2013). Currently, AT&T enjoys a wide range of customers, ranging from those using the AT&T high speed DSL internet, AT&T local phone service, AT&T long distance, wireless AT&T and the AT&T Digital Satellite TV. Customers can now be able to access VPN services. This is in order to secure communications with flexible private Networks providers. Also with through AT&T, several offices have been equipped with high-speed Ethernet network solutions, which can be implemented in different types of setups. AS from recent research, it has been found out that customer’s ideas play an important role in the development of new products. This is what is known as collaborative innovation (Anon). AT&T now for generations has provided quality services and products for their customer. The company’s mission now is to bring the world to the people. This vision is accomplished by the countless innovation that are seeded and delivered to the businesses and other customers in both

Roles you play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Roles you play - Essay Example The first task consisted in eliciting support from the members of the community through their becoming members of this group. A few of us, including myself, were given the task of persuading as many community members as possible to become members, and involve themselves in the activities of planning, implementing, and monitoring of the community development activities. Thus, my first group task was that of INITIATOR-CONTRIBUTOR. This role was assumed by me, because of the motivation and energy that I had for the objectives of the group, and my ability for persuasive communication. This role was effective in drawing many members to the group. It was not long before a majority of the members of the community had become members of the group, and the forming phase was over. We next had to get down to the storming phase or the phase in which the agenda of group activities would be decided. At this stage my role in the group changed to that of an ELABORATOR. This role was assumed by me as I had the capacity to listen and understand the opinions of the members of the group, and put it to the group clearly, for better understanding in the group. This role was effective in ensuring that every member had a proper voice in the setting of the agenda for the group activities. Having sorted out the agenda, we next moved on to assigning tasks and roles for the members of the group. This was the most disruptive phase encountered thus far. In this phase I played the role of a GATEKEEPER-EXPEDITER. Every member needed to know the opinions of others, and also have a say in the assigning of roles and tasks, for an amicable way in going about the assigning and acceptance of roles and tasks. I assumed this role because of my listening and communication skills, persuasive nature, and high energy levels. This role of mine ensured that communication between members was maintained during the disharmonious periods, so that tasks and roles

Module 5 Discussion Taca Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Module 5 Discussion Taca - Assignment Example First, the author’s use of flashbacks in successive paragraphs ensures that the narrator gives us enough background of former events. It implies that Russell is concerned with merging both the present and the past for the essence of not only memory, but equally growing up. ‘Long after you have supposedly been cured of malaria, the fever can flare up, the tremors can shake you (Russell 3).’ Therefore, the sentence is favourite to me because it reminds of the narrator’s personal fears. My first reaction on reading it evoked the feelings of a timid childhood that were often characterized by small fears. It means the author evoked the reaction through the inclusion of the disease called malaria that is prevalent in different areas around the world. Second, the idea of growing up in Russell’s story has the connotations of symbolism of innocence of the Mother’s obsession with her child to suppress important memory of growing up and

A History Of The Gold Standard Economics Essay

A History Of The Gold Standard Economics Essay What is Gold Standard? The Gold Standard is a monetary system in which the standard unit of currency is a fixed weight of gold or freely convertible into gold at a fixed price. Under the Gold Standard system, paper money which circulates as a medium of exchange is convertible into gold on demand. The exchange rate between paper or fiat money and gold is fixed. Same thing happened to the rates of exchange between national currencies, it is fixed. The Gold Standard can be divided into two types: full Gold Standard and partial Gold Standard. A 100 percent reserve Gold Standard or full Gold Standard occurs when all circulating money can be represented by the appropriate amount of gold. Whilst in partial Gold Standard, circulating notes can be redeemed for their face value; it can be either higher than its actual value or lower. Why gold being selected as a reserve for most countries and even for today? Many nations hold the gold reserves in significant quantity in order to defense their currency and put a hedge against the US dollar. Some more, the weakness of the US dollar can be offset by strengthening the gold prices. Yet, compared to other precious metals or major competitors such as US dollar and real estate, none of them has the stability as the gold as well as its rarity and durability. Gold is also used as a store of value starting from the early monetary system since it is high value enough. It is high in utility and density, it is able to resist to corrosion, it is uniform, and it is divisible easily. As we know, banking began by depositing the gold into a bank and it could be transferred from one bank to another bank. Until today, gold remains to be the main financial asset for most of the central banks. By looking back at the past, before 2000 BC, the first metal that human being used as a currency in trade was silver. According to the history, we know that gold has been used as a mean of payment since long time ago. After 1500 years, the first coinage of pure gold was introduced. The adoption of Gold Standard was preceded after that. Yet, the fiat monetary system came and took over the Gold Standard system during the outbreak of World War I. This happened for most of the nations are due to the excessive public debt and the government is unable to repay all the debt in gold or silver. IMPORTANCE OF STUDY / RESEARCH IN GOLD STANDARD As a banking and finance student, we have to study and understand any history that regard to the field, included the topic of our assignment this time Gold Standard. This is because people live in present and they have to plan for and worry about the future. History is the study of past. It gives the information of the past in order to anticipate what is yet to come. Understanding history is important to develop the linkages to predict the future. Yet, history also provides us abundant of information about how the Gold Standard was formed and how it operated. Understanding the operations of the Gold Standard is difficult currently since it was collapsed and we cannot be exposed ourselves to it. The current data that we have is relied on what happened into the past. By using the historical materials, we can make our own analysis on the Gold Standard and understand its weaknesses and problems. Besides, the study of the Gold Standard can help us to understand the changes of the monetary system and how the financial world affects the global economies. From the historical information, we know when the adoption of the Gold Standard was and when the collapse of the Gold Standard was. Yet, we also know that the monetary system had been changed over time to time and which system was being created in order to take over the original system. For instance, Gold Standard was took over by Bretton Woods System and followed by Contemporary Monetary System. There is always a reason there for the changes made. This is because of the discovery of the shortages of the system. Once the deficiencies being located, the new system would be established. If there is still do not have any actions taken, it will affect the economies of the world since finance cannot be separated with the economy. In addition, as a financial student, we have to understand about the differences between fiat money and Gold Standard. From the project we done, we know that fiat money is money that no have intrinsic value and cannot be redeemed for any commodity. The paper currencies and coins that are available in markets nowadays are considered as fiat money and the strength of the economy of the issuing nation is the determinant used to determine the value of fiat money. Mostly, inflation will follow with the enormous issuing of fiat money. Whilst, The Gold Standard is a monetary system in which the standard unit of currency is a fixed weight of gold or freely convertible into gold at a fixed price. Under the Gold Standard system, paper money which circulates as a medium of exchange is convertible into gold on demand. The exchange rate between paper or fiat money and gold is fixed. PART II : THE GOLD STANTARD 2.1 HISTORY 2.1.1 History of Gold Standard The first nation that officially adopted the Gold Standard system is England (also called as Great Britain) in 1821. The list below is the dates of adoption of the Gold Standard system: 1821 England 1871 Germany 1873 Latin Monetary Union Belgium Italy Switzerland France 1875 Scandinavia(Monetary Union) Denmark Norway Sweden 1875 Netherlands 1876 France 1876 Spain 1879 Austria 1893 Russia 1897 Japan 1898 India 1900 United States During that century, there was a dramatic increase in global trade and production which brought enormous discoveries of gold. The discoveries aided the Gold Standard remain intact well on the following century. The emergence of the International Gold Standard is on 1871 since the Germany also started to use the system. By 1900, most of the developed countries were linked to the Gold Standard system, but surprise that the United States was the last nation to enter. This is because there was the present of a strong silver lobby that forbidden gold from being the sole monetary standard with the U.S. throughout the 19th century. The Gold Standard was at its pinnacle from 1871 till 1914. During the period, there were a near perfect ideal political contexts existed in the world. Governments tried to corporate nicely in order to make the Gold Standard system work, but the system was collapsed during the duration of the Great War in 1914. In 1925, it was reestablished. But due to the relative scarcity of gold, many countries adopted a gold-exchange standard, supplementing their gold reserves with currencies convertible into gold at a stable rate of exchange. Unfortunately, the gold-exchange standard was ended during the Great Depression. The United States had set a minimum dollar price for gold in order to aid for the restoration of international gold standard after World War II. In 1971, dwindling gold reserves and unfavorable balance of payments led the U.S. to abandon the Gold Standard system. 2.1.2 Timelines of Gold Standard 1717 The Kingdom of Great Britain went on to an unofficial Gold Standard. 1816 Gold was partially displacing silver as a standard. 1821 The Gold Standard was first out into operation in Great Britain. 1873 The Coinage Act of the United States Congress came into operation on 1st April and constituted the gold one-dollar piece as the sole unit of value. 1900 Gold Standard Act was established on 14 March 1900 and gold was the only standard for redeeming paper money. 1914 The abandonment of the Gold Standard by Russia. 1925 The return of the Gold Standard. 1971 The abandonment of the Gold Standard by the United States. 2.1.3 Timelines of Fiat Money 1690 There are three types of currency according to American History: Fiat money Certificates based on coin or bullion Bank notes (Fiat money is one type of currencies that being used during the time.) 1789 France was undergoing economic downturn and due to lack of money, fiat money being used. 1862 There was a paper currency that printed upon one side in green has been created with a promise to pay Greenbacks. 1878 An argument in favor of honest money and redeemable currency. 1896 Paper-based global economy has been collapsed. 1913 Establishment of Fed. Fiat money became the United States legal tender. The mercy of the fiat money system has led to the greatest debt bubble in world history. 1933 Inflation occurred. 2008 Under the fiat money system, money as debt. 2.1.4 History of Shifting Between Fiat Money and Gold Standard in U.S. As stated as below, there were a lot of shifting between a fiat money and gold standard had been made by the United States over the past 200 years which in order to avoid hyper-inflation. Hyperinflation occurs when the confidence in money had gone and it leads to no value in the money. As mentioned as earlier, the gold standard was over due to the reason of the government was unable to repay for the excessive of public debt in gold or silver that its countries owe. 1785-1861 Fixed Gold Standard : 76 years It was issued by American colonists for the Continent Congress in order to finance the Revolutionary War. It was produced by the United States Federal Government. It was authorized by the Act of March 3, 1849. 1862-1879 Floating Fiat Currency : 7 years The fiat money of the United States above is Greenbacks. It was created to pay for the enormous cost of the Civil War. It was the debt of the U.S. government which could be redeemable in gold at future without any specified date. It was circulated along with the Gold certificates. 1880-1914 Fixed Gold Standard: 34 years It was ended due to the financial needs of World War I. 1915-1925 Floating Fiat Currency : 10 years It was created to pay for World War I countries. There was insufficient of gold to support the paper currency. 1926-1931 Fixed Gold Standard : 5 years It was ended due to most of the nations tried to deposit their pounds and dollars for gold when the depression occurs. 1931-1945 Floating Fiat Currency : 14 years It was ended due to the outbreak of World War II. 1945-1968 Fixed Gold Standard : 26 years On 24 June 1968, a proclamation that Federal Reserve Silver Certificates could not be redeemed in silver was issued by President Johnson. 1971 Floating Fiat Currency : 5 months It was established by President Nixon on August 1971. 1971-1973 Fixed Dollar Standard : 2 years It was passed by the Smithsonian Agreement. 1973-today Fiat Currency : 37 years It was established by the Basel Accord. 2.1.5 Evolution of International Monetary Systems International Monetary System had been undergoing several stages of evolution which are stated as below: Bimetallism (before 1875) A double standard in the sense that both gold and silver were used as international means of payment. Some nations used the gold standard; some used the silver standard; and some used both. Both gold and silver were used as money and the gold or silver contents were the determinants used to determine the exchange rates among currencies. Classical Gold Standard (1875-1914) Most nations agreed that -Gold alone was assured of unrestricted coinage. -There would be two-way convertibility between gold and national currencies at a fixed ratio. -Gold could be freely exported or imported. Two countries relative gold contents were be the determinants used to determine the exchange rate between two countries currency. Highly stable exchange rates under the classical gold standard provided an environment that was conducive to international trade and investment. Misalignment of exchange rates and international imbalances of payment were automatically corrected by the price-specie-flow mechanism. Interwar Period (1915-1944) Exchange rates fluctuated as countries widely used predatory depreciations of their currencies as a means of gaining advantage in the world export market. Attempts were made to restore the gold standard, but participants lacked the political will to follow the rules of the game. The result for international trade and investment was profoundly detrimental. Bretton Woods System (1945-1971) Named for a 1944 meeting of 44 countries at New Hampshire. The purpose was to design a postwar international monetary system. The goal was exchange rate stability without the gold standard. The result was the creation of the IMF and the World Bank. The system was a dollar-based gold exchange standard. Flexible Exchange Rate System (1971-today) The system was declared acceptable to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) members. Central banks were allowed to intervene in the exchange rate markets. Gold was abandoned as an international reserve asset. Managed Float System (1973-today) 2.2 INTERNATIONAL GOLD STANDARD 2.2.1 Chronology of Gold and International Monetary System 1717 Master of the Mint, Sir Isaac Newton gave guinea statutory valuation of 21 shillings. Commence of the United Kingdom Gold Standard. 1797 Occurrence of Napoleonic Wars. Bank of England abandoned gold payments. 1816 Establishment of UK Coinage Act. 1844 Bank of England obliged to buy gold. 1870-1900 Except of China, most of the nation abandoned Bimetallic Standard and switched to Gold Standard. 1913 The United States system of reserve banks was established by Federal Reserve Act. At least 40% of notes were gold-backed. 1917 U.S. prohibited gold exports. 1919 UK went off Gold Standard. Establishment of London Gold Fixing. 1925 Return of Gold Standard in the United Kingdom. Establishment of UK Gold Standard Act. 1931 The United Kingdom abandoned Gold Standard. 1933 Suspend of the United States convertibility. Prohibition of exports, transactions, and holding of gold. 1934 Presidential Proclamation of making dollar convertible to gold again. 1936 Establishment of Tripartite Agreement (Countries involved: U.S., UK, and France) 1939 Close of London gold market due to the outbreak of war. 1944 Establishment of Gold Exchange Standard as a result of Bretton Woods Conference. 1945 International Monetary Fund (IMF) Articles of Agreement became effective. 1954 Reopen of London gold market after World War II. 1961 Establishment of Gold Pool (Members: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK and Federal Reserve Bank of New York) 1967 Buying of gold increased due to the devaluation of sterling. 1968 Close of London market. Abolishment of Gold Pool and establishment of 2-tier market. Establishment of Special Drawing Right (SDR). 1971 Suspend of U.S. convertibility to gold. Establishment of Smithsonian Agreement. 1972 Devaluation of the United States dollar. 1973 Suspend of dealing in foreign exchange markets by most of the central banks. Adoption of floating exchange rate regime. Abandonment of 2-tier gold market. 1975 Abolishment of restriction on citizen buying, selling or owning gold by U.S. First U.S. gold auction on January. Establishment of agreement between G10 countries and Switzerland on no attempt to peg the gold price. 1976 First gold auction by IMF on June. 1978 Disappear of formal role of gold in International Monetary System. 1979 Establishment of European Monetary System. Final U.S. gold auction on November. 1980 Last 45 IMF gold auctions on May. 1982 The United States Gold Commission reported to Congress. 1985 Establishment of Plaza Agreement on currencies. 1987 Establishment of Louvre Accord on currencies. 1992 Sign of treaty on European Union at Maastricht. 1998 Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain joined Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). 1999 Began of EMU. Announcement of Central Bank Gold Agreement (CBGA). 2004 Announcement of Second Central Bank Gold Agreement. 2.2.2 Gold Standard Went International *The picture above the gold and silver coins that available around the world during 19th century. From the chronology above, we know that most of the countries (except China) had abandoned their silver or bimetallic standard and went for a full gold standard between the years of 1871 to 1900. There is always a reason. German asked for war indemnity to be paid in gold by France right after the Franco-German War. German used this gold to finance a new gold standard in their home country. This had lead to an increase in the demand of gold and there was unload of tons of silver on the neighboring nations. Due to the fear towards silver inflation, the neighboring countries decided to follow German. The list below is the date of first gold standard: 1871 German 1873 Belgium 1873 Italy 1873 Switzerland 1874 Scandinavia 1875 Denmark 1875 Norway 1875 Sweden 1875 Holland 1876 France 1876 Spain 1879 Austria 1893 Russia 1898 India 1900 USA International Gold Standard existed when the following condition being fulfilled: Gold alone is assured of unrestricted coinage. There were two means of convertibility between gold and national currencies at a fixed ratio. Gold may be freely imported and exported.